Chemical Transformation
Breakdown of wool or animal hair fibers into smaller peptide chains through reaction with water, typically assisted by acids or bases. Keratin hydrolysis occurs during severe wet processing or prolonged exposure to harsh cleaning chemicals. It results in the irreversible dissolution of the protective scales and the inner cortex of the fiber.
Processing Condition
High alkalinity in the presence of elevated temperatures triggers rapid keratin hydrolysis during woolen scouring or milling operations. This reaction is sometimes used intentionally to produce soluble wool proteins for specialized fabric finishes. Uncontrolled hydrolysis leaves the yarn weak and brittle, leading to excessive pilling or breakage.
Biological Detection
Microbiological attack can also initiate keratin hydrolysis when fabrics are stored in damp environments. Enzymes secreted by specific fungi target the disulfide bridges that hold the protein structure together. Monitoring weight loss in wool samples helps labs determine the extent of the damage over time.
Inhibitory Control
Acidic pH buffers are commonly used in the dye bath to prevent the onset of this degradation. Lowering the water temperature during chemical exposures slows down the kinetic rate of keratin hydrolysis significantly. Protective polymers often coat the fiber surface to shield the protein core from aggressive reagents.
